<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cfpd</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Бюллетень физиологии и патологии дыхания</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin Physiology and Pathology of Respiration</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-5029</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Дальневосточный научный центр физиологии и патологии дыхания</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36604/1998-5029-2025-95-83-91</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cfpd-1235</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка влияния приема омега-3 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот на функцию внешнего дыхания мужчин – уроженцев Северо-Востока (г. Магадан)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Assessment of the impact of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake on the lung function of men native to the Northeast (Magadan)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вдовенко</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vdovenko</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Игоревич Вдовенко, канд. биол. наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории физиологии экстремальных состояний</p><p>685000, г. Магадан, пр. Карла Маркса, 24</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei I. Vdovenko, PhD (Biol.), Senior Staff Scientist, Laboratory for Physiology of Extreme States</p><p>24 Karl Marx Str., Magadan, 685000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vdovenko.sergei@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Научно-исследовательский центр «Арктика» Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Research Center “Arktika”, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Federation</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>95</issue><fpage>83</fpage><lpage>91</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Вдовенко С.И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вдовенко С.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vdovenko S.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cfpd.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1235">https://cfpd.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1235</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Омега-3 полиненасыщенные жирные кислоты (ПНЖК) играют активную роль в функционировании различных систем организма. При этом важно понимать их влияние на работу одной из важнейших физиологических систем – респираторную.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Оценка показателей функции внешнего дыхания у мужчин – постоянных жителей Северо-Востока России, до и после приема пищевой добавки, содержащей омега-3 ПНЖК.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В ходе комплексного научного мониторинга жителей-северян обследовано 45 мужчин в возрасте 40,0 ± 0,8 лет, разделенных на две группы. Первая – опытная, полтора месяца получавшая добавку в рацион питания в виде препарата в форме реэтерифицированных триглицеридов (rTG), содержащего 1200 мг ПНЖК, из которых 660 мг эйкозапентаеновой кислоты (ЭПК) и 440 мг докозагексаеновой кислоты (ДГК), и 2-я группа – контрольная, без воздействия на режим питания. Методом компьютерной спирографии (КМ АР 01 Диамант-С) изучались временные, скоростные и объемно-скоростные показатели функции внешнего дыхания.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. До проведения эксперимента все показатели кроме пиковой объемной скорости были ниже нормативных величин, как в опытной, так и в контрольной группе. Наибольшее отклонение от должного уровня было зафиксировано в отношении показателей, характеризующих проходимость средних и мелких бронхов. По результатам эксперимента значимых изменений выявлено не было, однако для лиц, принимавших омега-3 ПНЖК, была установлена положительная тенденция к увеличению жизненной емкости легких, а также объема форсированного выдоха за первую секунду, являющегося первым индикатором возможных бронхообструктивных нарушений. Для мужчин из контрольной группы данная тенденция имела отрицательную направленность.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Проведенные исследования показали отсутствие значимых различий в работе бронхолегочной системы после 45-дневного приема препарата с омега-3. Возможно, что даже несмотря на относительно высокую концентрацию в 1200 мг ПНЖК требуется более длительный период дополнительного введения в рацион питания добавки для лиц, не имеющих установленных заболеваний легких. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play an active role in the functioning of various body systems. It is important to understand their influence on one of the most important physiological systems— the respiratory system.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To evaluate the lung function features in men who are permanent residents of the Northeast of Russia before and after taking a dietary supplement containing omega-3 PUFAs.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. As part of comprehensive scientific monitoring of northern residents, 45 men aged 40.0 ± 0.8 years were examined and divided into two groups. The first group—the experimental group—received a dietary supplement in the form of re-esterified triglycerides for one and a half months, containing 1,200 mg of PUFAs, including 660 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 440 mg of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The second group—the control group—did not receive any dietary interventions. Time-based, flow, and flow-volume features of lung function were studied using computer spirometry (KM AR 01 Diamant-S).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Before the experiment, all parameters except peak expiratory flow rate were below normative values in both the experimental and control groups. The greatest deviation from the predicted levels was observed in indicators characterizing the patency of medium and small bronchi. According to the results of the experiment, no significant changes were identified. However, in individuals who took omega-3 PUFAs, a positive trend was observed towards an increase in vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), which is the primary indicator of possible obstructive airway disorders. For men in the control group, this trend was negative.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p> Conclusion. The study showed no significant differences in lung function after a 45-day intake of an omega-3 supplement. It is possible that even with a relatively high concentration of 1,200 mg of PUFAs, a longer period of supplementation is required for individuals without established lung diseases.  </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>функция внешнего дыхания</kwd><kwd>мужчины</kwd><kwd>омега-3 полиненасыщенные жирные кислоты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lung function</kwd><kwd>men</kwd><kwd>omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саргсян В.Д., Сафарян А.С. Значение омега жирных кислот для профилактики сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний // Профилактическая медицина. 2021. Т.24, №7. С.90–95. https://doi.org/10.17116/profmed20212407190</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sargsyan V.D., Safaryan A.S. [The importance of omega fatty acids for the prevention of cardiovascular disease]. Profilakticheskaya meditsina = Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 2021; 24(7):90–95 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.17116/profmed20212407190</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Normen L., Shaw C.A., Fink C.S., Awad A.B. Combination of phytosterols and omega-3 fatty acids: a potential strategy to promote cardiovascular health // Curr. Med. Chem. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents. 2004. Vol.2, Iss.1. Р.1–12. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568016043477323</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Normen L., Shaw C.A., Fink C.S., Awad A.B. Combination of phytosterols and omega-3 fatty acids: a potential strategy to promote cardiovascular health. Curr. Med. Chem. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents 2004; 2(1):1–12 https://doi.org/10.2174/1568016043477323</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kris-Etherton P.M., Harris W.S., Appel L.J. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease // Circulation. 2002. Vol.106, Iss.21. Р.2747–2757. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000038493.65177.94</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kris-Etherton P.M., Harris W.S., Appel L.J. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2002; 106(21):2747–2757. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000038493.65177.94</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levy B.D., Serhan C.N. Resolution of acute inflammation in the lung // Ann. Rev. Physiol. 2014. Vol.76. P.467–492. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021113-170408</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levy B.D., Serhan C.N. Resolution of acute inflammation in the lung. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 2014; 76:467–492. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021113-170408</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christmann U., Hancock C.L., Poole C.M., Emery A.L., Poovey J.R., Hagg C., Mattson E.A., Scarborough J.J., Christopher J.S., Dixon A.T., Craney D.J., Wood P.L. Dynamics of DHA and EPA supplementation: incorporation into equine plasma, synovial fluid, and surfactant glycerophosphocholines // Metabolomics. 2021. Vol.17, Iss.5. Article number:41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-021-01792-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christmann U., Hancock C.L., Poole C.M., Emery A.L., Poovey J.R., Hagg C., Mattson E.A., Scarborough J.J., Christopher J.S., Dixon A.T., Craney D.J., Wood P.L. Dynamics of DHA and EPA supplementation: incorporation into equine plasma, synovial fluid, and surfactant glycerophosphocholines. Metabolomics 2021; 17(5):41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-021-01792-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mickleborough T.D., Ionescu A.A., Rundell K.W. Omega-3 fatty acids and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma // J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2004. Vol.10, Iss.6. Р.1067–1075. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2004.10.1067</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mickleborough T.D., Ionescu A.A., Rundell K.W. Omega-3 fatty acids and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2004; 10(6):1067–1075. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2004.10.1067</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новгородцева Т.П., Ходосова К.К., Гвозденко Т.А., Антонюк М.В., Юренко А.В., Переломова О.В., Клепацкая Т.Н. Состав жирных кислот и уровень их метаболитов при частично контролируемой бронхиальной астме на фоне комплексного лечения с применением миллиметровой терапии // Бюллетень физиологии и патологии дыхания. 2018. Вып.69. С.36–42. https://doi.org/10.12737/article_5b975490da7d45.64596344</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novgorodtseva T., Khodosova K.K., Gvozdenko T.A., Antonyuk M.V., Yurenko A.V., Perelomova O.V., Klepackaya T. N. [Composition of fatty acids and the level of their metabolites at partially controlled bronchial asthma against the background of integrated treatment with the use of millimeter therapy]. Bûlleten' fiziologii i patologii dyhaniâ = Bulletin Physiology 	and 	Pathology 	of 	Respiration 	2018; 	69:36–42 	(in 	Russian). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12737/article_5b975490da7d45.64596344</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwartz J. Role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lung disease // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000. Vol.71, Iss.1. S.393–S. 396. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/71.1.393s</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwartz J. Role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lung disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000; 71(1):393–396. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/71.1.393s</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patchen B.K., Balte P., Bartz T.M., Barr R.G., Fornage M., Graff M., Jacobs Jr. D.R., Kalhan R., Lemaitre R.N., O’Connor G., Psaty B., Seo J., Tsai M.Y., Wood A.C., Xu H., Zhang J., Gharib S.A., Manichaikul A., North K., Steffen L.M., Dupuis J., Oelsner E., Hancock D.B., Cassano P.A. Investigating associations of omega-3 fatty acids, lung function decline, and airway obstruction // Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 2023. Vol.208, Iss.8. Р.846–857. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202301-0074OC</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patchen B.K., Balte P., Bartz T.M., Barr R.G., Fornage M., Graff M., Jacobs Jr.D.R., Kalhan R., Lemaitre R.N., O’Connor G., Psaty B., Seo J., Tsai M.Y., Wood A.C., Xu H., Zhang J., Gharib S.A., Manichaikul A., North K., Steffen L.M., Dupuis J., Oelsner E., Hancock D.B., Cassano P.A. Investigating associations of omega-3 fatty acids, lung function decline, and airway obstruction. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2023; 208(8):846–857 https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.2023010074OC</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каменева М.Ю., Черняк А.В., Айсанов З.Р., Авдеев С.Н., Бабак С.Л., Белевский А.С., Берестень Н.Ф., Калманова Е.Н., Малявин А.Г., Перельман Ю.М., Приходько А.Г., Стручков П.В., Чикина С.Ю., Чушкин М.И. Спирометрия: методическое руководство по проведению исследования и интерпретации результатов // Пульмонология. 2023. Т.33, №3. С.307–340. https://doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2023-33-3-307-340</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kameneva M.Ju., Chernjak A.V., Ajsanov Z.R., Avdeev S.N., Babak S.L., Belevskij A.S., Beresten' N.F., Kalmanova E.N., Maljavin A.G., Perel'man Ju.M., Prihod'ko A.G., Struchkov P.V., Chikina S.Ju., Chushkin M.I. [Spirometry: national guidelines for the testing and interpretation of results]. Pul'monologiya = Russian Pulmonology 2023; 33(3):307–340 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2023-33-3-307-340</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клемент Р.Ф., Лаврушин А.А., Тер-Погосян П.А., Котегов Ю.М. Инструкция по применению формул и таблиц должных величин основных спирографических показателей. Л.: ВНИИ пульмонологии МЗ СССР, 1986. 79 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klement R.F., Lavrushin A.A., Ter-Pogasyan P.A., Kotegov Yu.M. [Users instructions of main spirometry indexes predicted values formulas and tables]. Leningrad: VNII pul'monologii MZ SSSR; 1986 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боровиков В.П. Statistica. Искусство анализа данных на компьютере. Спб.: Питер, 2003. 688 с. ISBN: 5-27200078-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borovikov V.P. [Statistica. The art of data analysis on a computer]. St. Petersburg: Piter; 2003 (in Russian). ISBN: 5-272-00078-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Старшов А.М., Смирнов И.В. Спирография для профессионалов. Методика и техника исследования функций внешнего дыхания. М.: Познавательная книга-ПРЕСС, 2003. 80 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starshov A.M., Smirnov I.V. [Spirography for professionals. Methods and techniques for studying the functions of external respiration: a manual for doctors]. Moscow: Poznavatel’naya kniga PRESS; 2003 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pistelli F., Bottai M., Viegi G. Smooth reference equations for slow vital capacity and flow-volume curve indexes // Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000. Vol.161, Iss.3. P.899–905. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.161.3.9906006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pistelli F., Bottai M., Viegi G. Smooth reference equations for slow vital capacity and flow-volume curve indexes. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000; 161(3):899–905. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.161.3.9906006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каменева М.Ю. Спирометрия: как оценить результаты // Бюллетень физиологии и патологии дыхания. 2022. Вып.83. С.91–99. https://doi.org/10.36604/1998-5029-2022-83-91-99</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kameneva M.Yu. [Spirometry: how to evaluate the results?]. Bulletin of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration 2022; 83:91–99 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.36604/1998-5029-2022-83-91-99</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ишутина О.В. Сурфактантная система легких. Обзорная статья // Вестник Витебского государственного медицинского университета. 2021. Т.20, №4. С.7–17. https://doi.org/10.22263/2312-4156.2021.4.7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ishutina O.V. [The surfactant system of the lungs. A review]. Vestnik Vitebskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta = Vitebsk Medical Journal 2021; 20(4):7–17 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.22263/2312-4156.2021.4.7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walker C.G., West A.L., Browning L.M., Madden J., Gambell J.M., Jebb S.A., Calder P.C. The pattern of fatty acids displaced by EPA and DHA following 12 months supplementation varies between blood cell and plasma fractions // Nutrients. 2015. Vol.7, Iss.8. P.6281–6293. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7085285</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walker C.G., West A.L., Browning L.M., Madden J., Gambell J.M., Jebb S.A., Calder P.C. The pattern of fatty acids displaced by EPA and DHA following 12 months supplementation varies between blood cell and plasma fractions. Nutrients 2015; 7(8):6281–6293. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7085285</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ostermann A.I., West A.L., Schoenfeld K., Browning L.M., Walker C.G., Jebb S.A., Calder P.C., Schebb N.H. Plasma oxylipins respond in a linear dose-response manner with increased intake of EPA and DHA: results from a randomized controlled trial in healthy humans // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2019. Vol.109, Iss.5. P.1251–1263. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostermann A.I., West A.L., Schoenfeld K., Browning L.M., Walker C.G., Jebb S.A., Calder P.C., Schebb N.H. Plasma oxylipins respond in a linear dose-response manner with increased intake of EPA and DHA: Results from a randomized controlled trial in healthy humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2019; 109(5):1251–1263. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Махутова О.Н., Гладышев М.И. Незаменимые полиненасыщенные жирные кислоты в физиологии и метаболизме рыб и человека: значение, потребности, источники // Российский физиологический журнал им. И.М. Сеченова. 2020. Т.106, №5. С.601–621. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869813920050040</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makhutova O.N., Gladyshev M.I. [Essential PUFA in physiology and metabolism of fish and human: functions, needs, sources]. Rossiyskiy fiziologicheskiy zhurnal imeni I.M. Sechenova = Russian Journal of Physiology 2020; 106(5):601–621 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869813920050040</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simopoulos A.P. Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1991. Vol.54, Iss.5. P.438–463. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.3.438</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simopoulos A.P. Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1991; 54(3):438–463. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.3.438</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmitz G., Ecker J. The opposing effects of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids // Prog. Lipid Res. 2008. Vol.47, Iss.2. P.147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2007.12.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmitz G., Ecker J. The opposing effects of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Prog. Lipid Res. 2008; 47(2):147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2007.12.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tapiero H., Nguyen G., Couvreur P., Tew K.D. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and eicosanoids in human health and pathologies // Biomed. Pharmacother. 2002. Vol.56, Iss.5. P.215–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/s07533322(02)00193-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tapiero H., Nguyen G., Couvreur P., Tew K.D. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and eicosanoids in human health and pathologies. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2002; 56(5):215–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0753-3322(02)00193-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Razavi M., Jamilian M., Samimi M., Ebrahimi F.A., Taghizadeh M., Bekhradi R., Holleini E.S., Kashni H.H., Karamali M., Asemi Z. The effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes // Nutr. Metab. 2017. Vol.14, Iss.80. P.1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-017-0236-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Razavi M., Jamilian M., Samimi M., Ebrahimi F.A., Taghizadeh M., Bekhradi R., Holleini E.S., Kashni H.H., Karamali M., Asemi Z. The effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes. Nutr. Metab. 2017; 14(80):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-017-0236-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
