Механический стресс как фактор ремоделирования дыхательных путей при хронических респираторных заболеваниях, сопровождающихся синдромом бронхиальной обструкции (обзор литературы)

В настоящем обзоре обобщены и проанализированы результаты современных экспериментальных исследований, указывающих на участие механического стресса, как независимого ключевого фактора, в формировании ремоделирования дыхательных путей у больных хроническими обструктивными заболеваниями легких, в частности бронхиальной астмой (БА) и хронической обструктивной болезнью легких (ХОБЛ). Механизмы, модулирующие структурную перестройку респираторного тракта, рассмотрены на уровне эпителия, фибробластов и гладкомышечных клеток дыхательных путей. Уделено внимание возможным молекулярным механизмам, опосредующим воздействие механического стресса на дыхательные пути в условиях повышенного бронхиального сопротивления. Рассмотрено возможное участие в процессе ремоделирования каналов с транзиторным рецепторным потенциалом (TRP), обладающих механорецепторными свойствами. Эти каналы широко экспрессированы в респираторном тракте и могут оказывать влияние на формирование структурных изменений бронхиальной стенки при БА и ХОБЛ под воздействием механических сил, приводящих к деформации тканей. На сегодняшний день отсутствуют эффективные средства фармакотерапии, предотвращающие ремоделирование дыхательных путей у больных БА и ХОБЛ, что делает изучение роли механорецепторов в этом патологическом процессе чрезвычайно актуальным.

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