Анкириновый ионный канал и нейротрофический фактор мозга в патогенезе бронхиальной астмы: пути взаимодействий

   Сложность патогенеза бронхиальной астмы (БА) обусловлена влиянием факторов окружающей среды, генетических и эпигенетических факторов, взаимодействующих между собой и способствующих развитию и обострениям данной патологии. БА имеет нейрогенный компонент, к которому в последние годы приковано внимание исследователей. При действии холода, сигаретного дыма, аллергенов и ряда химических веществ, являющихся триггерами БА, активируется экспрессируемый в сенсорных С-волокнах легких анкириновый рецептор TRPA1 (от англ. transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1). Он запускает приток Са²⁺ в сенсорные нейроны и активирует каскады, ответственные за экспрессию гена нейротрофического фактора мозга (от англ. brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF). BDNF вовлечен в развитие ремоделирования дыхательных путей, усиливает иннервацию бронхов и усугубляет их гиперреактивность, в также поддерживает гиперчувствительность нейронов по механизму обратной связи. Полиморфизмы гена BDNF определяют восприимчивость к развитию БА, при этом носители полиморфизмов гена TRPА1 более чувствительны к эпигенетическим модификациям и могут иметь более сильную экспрессию BDNF в ответ на действие раздражителей. Несмотря на то, что эпигенетика TRPА1 и BDNF при БА находится в стадии изучения, эпигенетические изменения TRPА1 и BDNF достаточно хорошо описаны в неврологии, что может быть интересно в контексте их взаимовлияния при БА, учитывая роль нейроиммунного воспаления в патогенезе данного заболевания. В настоящем обзоре обсуждаются роль и взаимосвязь генетических и эпигенетических изменений, вызванных факторами окружающей среды, инициирующих развитие БА, а также место TRPА1 и BDNF в данном процессе.

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