MODERN VIEWS ON ISSUES OF PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF RESPIRATORY STEM CELLS IN NORM AND COLD EXPOSURE

Almost all differentiated cells in the body have a limited life, their death and replacement occur with different speed. The renewal may happen as a result of duplication or multiplication of undifferentiated precursors. Stem cells in the respiratory tract can stay in the quiescent state for a long time, at the same time they are rarely divided and have a significant interval of a cellular cycle. Their specific behavior usually depends on the total of factors that provide vitality and differentiation. It is determined by inner signals which are controlled by the genes of the cell as well as by outer factors including the presence of basal membrane, territorial matrix, the presence of neighboring cells producing different regulators. The results of personal experimental study of stem cells state and «niches» that surround them in the trachea mucosa at cold exposure against intensive cold oxidative stress are given. It was shown that long exposure of trachea mucosa to cold decreases the speed of cellular elements differentiation and changes interrelations with the cellular surrounding of stem cells («niches»). While using cellular markers of stem cells (E-сadherin and alkaline phosphatase) it was demonstrated that an important cellular element of «niche» affecting the differentiation of stem cells is mast cells that migrate into epithelium at the exposure to cold. The growth of mast cells migration at the exposure to cold in this case is conditioned by the transfer of information influence on the stem cells through the liquid that decreases the quantity of little differentiated cells in epithelium. The identification of specific signal molecules stimulating differentiation of lungs cells can help find new ways of control over differentiation of cells and the possibility of application of stimulators of cambial and stem cells for cellular therapy at different pathologies of respiratory system.

stem cells, respiratory system, cold oxidative stress

1. Романова Л.К. Пренатальный и постнатальный рост и развитие лёгких // Клеточная биология лёгких в норме и при патологии: руководство для врачей / под ред. В.В.Ерохина и Л.К.Романовой. М.: Медицина, 2000. С.72-95.

2. Тимошин С.С., Лебедько О.А. Влияние регуляторных пептидов на становление структурного гомеостаза трахеи белых крыс в раннем постнатальном периоде // Бюл. физиол. и патол. дыхания. 2001. Вып.10. С.24-28.

3. Целуйко С.С., Красавина Н.П., Горбунов М.М. Стволовые клетки трахеи крыс при длительных холодовых воздействиях // Клет. трансплантол. и ткан. инженерия. 2010. Т.5, №3, <http://www.celltranspl.ru/archive/issue21/views/content>С.52-52.

4. Целуйко С.С., Горбунов М.М., Семенов. Д.А. Стволовые клетки трахеи крыс при холодовых воздействиях // Регенеративная биология и медицина: сб. трудов всерос. науч. конф. М.: Нарконет, 2011. C.160-161.

5. Bakalos D., Constantakis N., Tsicricas T. Distinction of mononuclear macrophages from mesothelial cells in pleural and peritoneal effusions // Acta Cytol. 1974. Vol.18, №1. P.20-22.

6. Efrati P., Nir E. Morphological and cytochemical investigation of human mesothelial cells from pleural and peritoneal effusions: а light and electron microscopy study // Isr. J. Med. Sci. 1976. Vol.12, №7. P.662-673.

7. Johnson Kurt E. Human developmental anatomy. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1989. 447 p.

8. Mutsaers S.E. The mesothelial cell // Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2004. Vol.36. №1. P.9-16.

9. Mutsaers S. Plasticity of the mesothelium: a stem cell in the midst? // Lung Cancer. 2006. Vol.54. Suppl.1. P.3-4.

10. Pan L ., Chen S ., Weng C ., Call G ., Zhu D _., Tang H ., Zhang N ., Xie T . Stem cell aging is controlled both intrinsically and extrinsically in the Drosophila ovary // Cell Stem Cell. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18371381> 2007 Vol.1, №4. Р.458-469.

11. Pitt B.R., Ortiz L.A. Stem cells in lung biology // Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 2004. Vol.286, №4. P.621-623.

12. A pure population of lung alveolar epithelial type II cells derived from human embryonic stem cells / D.Wang [et al.] // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2007. Vol.104, №11. P.4449-4454.

13. Romanova L.K. Prenatal'nyy i postnatal'nyy rost i razvitie legkikh. V kn.: Erokhin V.V., Romanova L.K. (red.) Kletochnaya biologiya legkikh v norme i pri patologii: rukovodstvo dlya vrachey [Prenatal and postnatal growth and development of the lungs. In: Erokhin V.V., Romanova L.K., editors. Cell biology lungs in health and disease: guidelines]. Мoscow: Meditsina; 2000: pp.72-95.

14. Timoshin S.S., Lebed'ko O.A. Bûlleten' fiziologii i patologii dyhaniyâ 2001; 10:24-28.

15. Tseluyko S.S., Krasavina N.P., Gorbunov M.M. Kletochnaya transplantologiya i tkanevaya inzheneriya 2010; 5(3):52-52.

16. Tseluyko S.S., Gorbunov M.M., Semenov D.A. Regenerativnaya biologiya i meditsina: sbornik trudov vserossiyskoy nauchnoy konferentsii (Regenerative biology and medicine: the collection of reports of All-Russian scientific conference). Мoscow: Narkonet; 2011: рр.160-161.

17. Bakalos D., Constantakis N., Tsicricas T. Distinction of mononuclear macrophages from mesothelial cells in pleural and peritoneal effusions. Acta Cytol. 1974; 18(1):20-22.

18. Efrati P., Nir E. Morphological and cytochemical investigation of human mesothelial cells from pleural and peritoneal effusions: а light and electron microscopy study Isr. J. Med. Sci. 1976; 12(7):662-673.

19. Johnson Kurt E. Human developmental anatomy. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1989.

20. Mutsaers S.E. The mesothelial cell. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2004; 36(1): 9-16.

21. Mutsaers S. Plasticity of the mesothelium: a stem cell in the midst? Lung Cancer 2006; 54 (Suppl.1):3-4.

22. Pan L ., Chen S ., Weng C ., Call G ., Zhu D ., Tang H ., Zhang N ., Xie T . Stem cell aging is controlled both intrinsically and extrinsically in the Drosophila ovary. Cell Stem Cell. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18371381> 2007; 1(4):458-469.

23. Pitt B.R., Ortiz L.A. Stem cells in lung biology. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 2004; 286(4):621-623.

24. Wang D., Haviland D.L., Burns A.R., Zsigmond E., Wetsel R.A. A pure population of lung alveolar epithelial type II cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007;104(11):4449-4454.