FEATURES OF RESPIRATORY ACTIVITY OF BULBOSPINAL PREPARATIONS OF THE BRAIN IN THE NEWBORN RATS DURING THE INTRAUTERINE DEVELOPMENT UNDER PASSIVE SMOKING (IN VITRO)

The phenomenon of sleep apnea in infants is being studied widely at the moment. The increase of the frequency of occurrence and duration of sleep apnea in infants is associated with passive smoking during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of respiratory and non-respiratory activity of bulbospinal preparations (BSP) of brain of newborn rats undergoing prenatal passive smoking. The study was performed on BSP in the brain of newborn rats (n=107) in vitro. Modeling of passive smoking was carried out by cigarette smoke fumigated into the females of the experimental group (PS) from 1 to 20 days of gestation. In BSP of newborn rats of the PS group (n=57), the amplitude and duration of the inspiratory discharges were less than in the control group (Non-S) by 16.1% and 10.9% on average, respectively. The duration of a respiratory cycle in the BSP of PS group was 15.3% lower. There were revealed lower values of the spectral power density in the low-frequency (1-10 Hz) and mid-frequency (11-50 Hz) bands in the PS group compared to Non-S group by 16.3% and 33.4%, respectively. The frequency of low-frequency oscillations of the peak in the PS group was less than in the control group by 11.2% and of mid-peak rate by 14.3%. Other parameters of activity did not undergo any changes. In addition, the incidence of several types of electrical activity is significantly increased in the BSP of PS group. Thus, it was found out that during the period of prenatal development of respiratory neural network, long-term cyclical factors of passive smoking alter the functioning of the central mechanisms of the generation of respiratory rhythm and pattern of inspiratory in neonatal rats in vitro.

новорожденные крысы, дыхательный центр, in vitro, пассивное курение, бульбоспинальный препарат, newborn rats, the respiratory center, in vitro, passive smoking, bulbospinal preparation

1. Особенности спектральных характеристик электрической активности дыхательного центра в процессах мозга плодов и новорожденных крыс in vitro / И.В.Мирошниченко, В.Ф.Пятин, А.С.Алексеева, Н.Л.Тюрин // Рос. физиол. журн. им. И.М.Сеченова. 2002. Т.88, №2. С.248-256.

2. Allan D.W., Greer J.J. Development of phrenic motoneuron morphology in the fetal rat // J. Comp. Neurol. 1997. Vol.382, №4. Р.469-479.

3. Reorganisation of respiratory network activity after loss glycinergic inhibition / D.Busselberg [et al.] // Pflugers Arch. 2001. Vol.441, №4. P.444-449.

4. Differential expression of three gap junction proteins in developing and mature brain tissues / R.Dermietzel [et al.] // Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 1989. Vol.86, №24. Р.10148-10152.

5. Perinatal developmental changes in respiratory activity of medullary and spinal neurons: an in vitro study on fetal an in vitro study on fetal and newborn rats / E.Di Pasquale [et al.] // Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 1996. Vol.91, №1. P.121-130.

6. Duron B., Khater J., Wallois F. Diaphragmatic activity in preterm babies during wakefulness and sleep. In: Founding Congress of the World Federation of Sleep Research Society, ed. by M.Chase, M.Mitler, and P.Walter. Los Angeles, CA: Univ. of Los Angeles. 1991. Vol.20. P.33-35.

7. Prenatal to early postnatal nicotine exposure impairs central chemoreception and modifies breathing pattern in mouse neonates: a probable link to sudden infant death syndrome / J.Eugenín [et al.] // J. Neurosci. 2008. Vol.28, №51. Р.13907-13917.

8. Feldman J., Smith J., Liu G. Respiratory pattern generation in mammals: in vitro en bloc analysis // Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 1990. Vol.1, №4. P.590-594

9. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analyses/ S.Gisell [et al.] // Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 2010; Vol.89, №4. Р.423-441.

10. Hafstrom O., Milerad J., Sundell H.W. Altered breathing pattern after prenatal nicotine exposure in the young lamb // Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002. Vol.166, №1. Р.92-97.

11. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters the response of the mouse in vitro respiratory rhythm to hypoxia/ H.Hu [et al.] // Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 2012. Vol.181, №2. Р.234-247.

12. Influence of prenatal nicotine exposure on postnatal development of breathing pattern / Y.H.Huang [et al.] // Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 2004. Vol.143, №1. Р.1-8.

13. Marlot D., Duron B. Cutaneous stimulations and spontaneous respiratory activity in the newborn kitten // Respiratory Centres and Afferent Systems. Paris: INSERM, 1976. Vol.59. P.273-279.

14. Onimaru H., Arata A., Homma I. Neuronal mechanisms of respiratory rhythm generation: an approach using in vitro preparation // Jpn J. Physiol. 1997. Vol.47, №5. P.385-403.

15. Prenatal, nicotine exposure increases apnoea and reduces nicotinic potentiation of hypoglossal inspiratory output in mice / D.M.Robinson [et al.] // J. Physiol. 2002. Vol.538, Pt.3. P.957-973.

16. Impaired cardiac function during postnatal hypoxia in rats exposed to nicotine prenatally: implications for perinatal morbidity and mortality, and for sudden infant death syndrome / T.A.Slotkin [et al.] // Teratology. 1997. Vol.55, №3. P.177-184.

17. Shao X.M., Feldman J.L. Mechanisms underlying regulation of respiratory pattern by nicotine in pre-Bötzinger complex // J. Neurophysiol. 2001. Vol.85, №6. P.2461-2467.

18. Suzue T. Respiratory rhythm generation in the in vitro brain stem-spinal cord preparation of the neonatal rat // J. Physiol. 1984. Vol.354. P.173-183.

19. Thoby-Brisson M., Greer J.J. Anatomical and functional development of the pre-Bötzinger complex in prenatal rodents // J. Appl. Physiol. (1985). 2008. Vol.104, №4. P.1213-1219.

20. Effects of electroacupuncture intervention on expression of pulmonary metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor-1 proteins in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / H.Zhang [et al.] // Zhen Ci Yan Jiu. 2014. Vol.39, №5. Р.367-371.