Role of Toll-like receptors in COVID-19 pathogenesis
https://doi.org/10.36604/1998-5029-2021-82-107-115
Abstract
Introduction. This review summarizes the available information on the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19 induced by SARS-CoV-2. The exact pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the role of each component of innate and adaptive immunity are still unknown.
Aim. Discussion of the possible role of TLRs in the immune response in COVID-19 infection.
Results. Analysis of the literature in the PubMed database showed that the mechanism of penetration of SARS-CoV-2 and lysis of type II alveolocytes is the binding of the spike S-glycoprotein or capsid protein M of the virus to the receptor-binding domain of ACE2 on the surface of epithelial cells. Migration and infiltration of inflammatory cells leads to overactivation of TLR4 on the surface of alveolocytes and bronchial epithelium, shifting the process to MyD88-dependent acute inflammatory signaling and hypersecretion of proinflammatory cytokines that cause a “cytokine storm” and the development of severe complications of COVID-19 infection, in particular, acute respiratory infections, respiratory distress syndrome, pathology of internal organs, and, in some cases, the death of the patient.
Conclusion. It is possible to suggest that TLRs have an impact on the immune response in COVID19 infection. Both antagonists and agonists of TLRs, depending on their type, can be examined to determine the therapeutic and negative effects of COVID-19 infection. Further research is needed to investigate TLRs and pathways for activating cytokine expression, as they indicate a direct relationship with mortality and virus susceptibility. Bioinformatic research can also help to better understand the interaction of TLRs with proteins and RNA of the SARS-CoV-2.
About the Authors
I. А. Sinyakin
Amur State Medical Academy
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Ivan A. Sinyakin, 3rd year Student of Medical Faculty
95 Gor'kogo Str., Blagoveshchensk, 675000
I. A. Andrievskaya
Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Irina A. Andrievskaya, PhD, DSc (Biol.), Professor of RAS, Head of Laboratory of Mechanisms of Etiopathogenesis and Recovery Processes of the Respiratory System at Non-Specific Lung Diseases
22 Kalinina Str., Blagoveshchensk, 675000
N. A. Ishutina
Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Nataliа A. Ishutina, PhD, DSc (Biol.), Leading Staff Scientist, Laboratory of Mechanisms of Etiopathogenesis and Recovery Processes of the Respiratory System at Non-Specific Lung Diseases
22 Kalinina Str., Blagoveshchensk, 675000
T. A. Batalova
Amur State Medical Academy
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Tatiana A. Batalova, PhD, DSc (Biol.), Associate Professor, Head of Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
95 Gor'kogo Str., Blagoveshchensk, 675000
N. R. Grigor'ev
Amur State Medical Academy
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Nikolay R. Grigor'ev, PhD, DSc (Med.), Professor, Professor of Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
95 Gor'kogo Str., Blagoveshchensk, 675000
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Review
For citations:
Sinyakin I.А., Andrievskaya I.A., Ishutina N.A., Batalova T.A., Grigor'ev N.R. Role of Toll-like receptors in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Bulletin Physiology and Pathology of Respiration. 2021;(82):107-115. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.36604/1998-5029-2021-82-107-115
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