Protective physiological reactions of respiratory organs to cold air were investigated in healthy men living in the Magadano-Chukotsky region and Western Siberia by standard methods of oхyspirography, pneumotachography and helium dilution method. Four protective reactions of respiratory system to low air temperatures were found. Immediate apnea can occur at very sharp cooling of inhaled air (temperature below -25ºC). An urgent reaction of tidal volume restriction begins at a smaller temperature drop and reaches a maximum in 10-20 minutes. The reaction disappears in 10 minutes in the people adapted to climatic conditions of the North, but it remains in not adapted people, so leading to hypoxia and «polar dyspnoea». The second urgent reaction appears after 30 minutes of cold air breathing and leads to the most cooled part of respiratory tissue being excluded from ventilation and gas exchange. A slow protective reaction of the respiratory system to a long low temperature exposure occurs, which is revealed through the opening of reserve lung acini. Weakening a damaging action of an ecological factor, this protective reaction at the same time restricts the gas exchange, which leads to the compensatory hyperventilation and the respiratory apparatus exertion.

The adaptation of the respiratory system to the gradual increase of resistive loading in patients with a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease changes the subjective assessment of breathlessness, which influences the quality of modern diagnostics and adequate therapy. As the feeling of the respiratory discomfort depends on the resistance to the respiration, the changes in pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange under the action of subthreshold resistive respiratory load (0.4 smH₂O·L^-1·s) not causing the dyspnoea were studied. The study included the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (21 people) of both sexes; the mean age was 59 years. It was revealed that the resistive load (0.4 smH₂O·L^-1·s) does not significantly affect the ventilation parameters. The breathing rate, a minute ventilation and the tidal volume did not change. But at the same time there was a decrease in the oxygen consumption by 18% and carbon dioxide release by 17%. The obtained results suggest that the reaction to the increased respiratory resistance is carried out on the brain level by a principle of perturbation and forecasting and is directed to the optimization of the energy balance of an organism in the response to the disturbance of lung ventilation.

To identify pathological changes of the respiratory system depending on the age and smoking history, 669 men (183 men and 486 women) at the age of 18-74 were examined with the random sampling technique. All the respondents were divided into 4 groups depending on the age: 1 group (n=241) of 18-24 years old (19.3±1.9), 2 group (n=181) of 25-34 years old (29.0±2.8), 3 group (n=96) of 35-44 years old (38.5±28) and 4 group (n=151) of those older than 45 years (55.2±7.1). A significantly bigger frequency (р<0.05) of cough and sputum production was revealed in the smokers older than 25 years. It was found out that regardless of smoking history with the respondent getting older there is the decrease of FEV₁, which corresponds to the modern concepts about the dynamics of airways aging process. But in the group of smokers depending on the age FEV₁ decreases significantly (р<0.05), the ratio FEV₁/FVC decreases from 90.2% in the 1st group till 88.4% in the 2nd group (р<0.05), till 81% in 3rd group (р<0.05) and till 79.7% in the group of respondents older than 45 years (р<0.05), suggesting the formation of obstructive abnormalities in smokers. Thus, active smoking really increases both the risk of the development of clinical symptoms of respiratory diseases and of the formation of airway obstruction.

The peculiarities of pneumonia in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) were studied. It was found out that pneumonia is a frequent complication of MM (33 patients out of 123 examined ones – 26.8%). Most cases of pneumonia developed in the presence of chronic renal failure and/or agranulocytosis. Pneumonia had a severe course in 61% of MM patients. Diagnosis of pneumonia in patients with MM occurring against agranulocytosis is very difficult as due to the deficiency of granulocytes a clear inflammatory focus which gives a classical physical and radiological picture is not formed in the lungs of these patients. In patients with MM there is a high percentage of nosocomial pneumonia (39%). A severe, prolonged and atypical course of pneumonia in MM is conditioned by granulocytopenia, secondary immunodeficiency, impaired lung excursions due to the deformation of the chest, mielomatose lung affection (paraproteinosis, lymphoid and plasma cell infiltration of the lungs and bronchi, pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, amyloidosis, mielomatose pleura affection), specific pulmonary manifestations of uremia (nephrogenic edema, uremic pneumonitis and calcification). In accordance with pneumonia occurrence in hospital or out of it, a probable pathogen, clinic-pathogenetic situation, the presence of complications and disorders, a baseline algorithm of empirical treatment of pneumonia in patients with MM was worked out prior to the detection of the pathogen and of its sensitivity to antibiotics as well as for those situations when etiologic diagnosis of pneumonia is not possible.

Clinical and roentgenologic features of health care-associated pneumonia have been studied. Within the therapeutics department thorough clinical and roentgenologic examinations of 309 patients with pneumonia diagnosed according to Russian National Recommendations on out-patients pneumonia (2010) were done. The criterion of exclusion was the nosocomial pneumonia. Health care-associated pneumonia was diagnosed in 86 (27.8%) patients, more than a half of them (52.3%) were old people (64-74 years old). Gender differences were statistically non-significant. From the anamnesis it was found out that 50 patients took antibacterial drugs for 5.9±1.5 days on average during 30 days preceding hospitalization due to the exacerbation of chronic inflammatory diseases; 33 patients were at the inpatient treatment for more than two days during 90 preceding days. In the majority of patients (68.6%) clinical symptoms of pneumonia were blurred and disguised under the main disease clinic, intensive respiratory and heart failure. While defining the severity of pneumonia by CURB-65 scale, II points were found in 40.7% patients, III and more points in 25.6%. Double pneumonia was found in 40.7% patients, multilobular damages were in 22.1%. Exudative pleurisy (25.6%) and lung tissue destruction (7.0%) were the most often complications. Because of ineffective initial empiric antibacterial therapy (semisynthetic penicillins, macrolides), intravenous induction of respiratory fluroquinolones in the combination with ceftriaxone (61.1%) and macrolides (12.8%) was administered further on. The mid duration of inpatient treatment was 17.6±3.9 days. 3 patients died. Thus health care-associated pneumonia is a new category of pneumonia which is diagnosed in every third patient who comes to get the inpatient treatment further with diagnosed pneumonia. A severe course of the disease refers to the clinical features of the disease, double affection and frequent complications refer to roentgenologic ones. A more severe course of the disease should lead to an increased attention to this category of patients and proper antibacterial therapy. Besides, the patients with health care-associated pneumonia were registered to have a longer period of hospitalization.

Fatty acid composition of mitochondrial membranes of thrombocytes in healthy individuals and patients with chronic catarrh non-obstructive bronchitis (СNOB) was analyzed. 46 people, including 25 patients with СNOB in remission and 21 healthy volunteers were examined. Mitochondria from blood cells were obtained with the standard method of differential centrifugation in sucrose medium. The fatty acids composition of mitochondrial membranes was studied by gas-liquid chromatography. Significant differences in the percentage of saturated, monoenoic and polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with СNOB were revealed: an increase in the proportion of monoenoic acids due to the decrease of polyunsaturated acids and partial deficiency of saturated acids. The modification of the profile of saturated and monoenoic fatty acids in the membranes of mitochondria at СNOB may be related to the changes in the processes of β-oxidation, which indicates an intensification of metabolic processes. The deficiency of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid causes changes in physicochemical properties of mitochondrial membranes and impaired membrane permeability and substances transportation. Thus, the disruption of the lipid composition of the membrane at СNOB indicates the formation of mitochondrial dysfunction as a factor in the development of pathological conditions (hypoxia, ischemia, oxidative stress). The identification of fatty acids spectrum of mitochondrial membranes is an early indicator criterion of a cell dysfunction.

Psychological disorders of a different etiology and intensity degree are often observed in bronchial asthma. The attention of practitioners and scientists is frequently paid to psychoemotional symptoms: depression, anxiety, and panic attacks. The analysis of spectral characteristics of electroencephalography is one of the main approaches to the study of emotions in neurosciences at present. There is not so much information about the changes of the central regulation of other psychological manifestations of the disease. The aim of the work is to study the features of interrelations of psychopathologic disorders and bioelectrical activity of the brain in the patients with bronchial asthma. Electroencephalography and the Derogatis Psychiatric Rating Scale (SCL-90-R) was used in this research. 30 patients with bronchial asthma of a different severity (9 men and 21 women) at the age of 18-55 (the mean age was 35.6±1.8 years old) were examined. Diffuse changes of the bioelectrical activity of the brain, the signs of the dysfunction of non-specific midstem structures of the brain at different levels were revealed. The mean values according to SCL-90 were of a psychopathological level. The correlations between some values of the electroencephalography power spectrum and the scales of anxiety (ANX), phobias (PHOB) and paranoia (PAR) of SCL-90 prove the functional localization of the these disorders in the brain of bronchial asthma patients. This is important to consider while diagnosing and treating non-somatic manifestations of asthma.

The aim of the research is to determine clinical and morphofunctional features of mucoсiliary system (MCS) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) depending on the influence of temperature on the organism in winter and summer. The study of the main clinical symptoms of the disease as well as complex assessment of MCS functioning in cold (December-February) and warm (June-August) seasons of the year was done in 30 patients with COPD of II stable stage and under complete standard treatment. The parameters of the integral index of trachea bronchial mucociliary clearance (MCC) were studied with the method of dynamic pulmonoscintigraphy, the motion activity of ciliate epithelium cilia in bronchial biopsy material was investigated, viscoelastic properties of bronchi secretion were determined. It was found out that in comparison with the warm period, in the cold season of the year the patients with COPD without clearly expressed respiratory and system signs of the exacerbation had a moderate growth of dyspnea (from 0.78±0.08 till 1.15±0.10 points, р<0.01), of cough intensity (from 0.63±0.07 till 1.20±0.15 points, р<0.01), the quantity of the sputum (from 1.31±0.14 till 3.35±0.21 points, р<0.001), at the same time FEV₁ tended to decrease. Bronchoscopic symptoms in the winter season were notable for the growth of hypersecretion and the activity of the inflammatory process. And there was also a statistically significant decrease of the parameters of the integral index of MCC (from 38.4±1.5 till 30.2±2.2% for an hour, р<0.01). The induction of mucociliary insufficiency (MCI) was caused by the reduction of the frequency of cilia beating of bronchi ciliate epithelium (from 5.03±0.18 till 3.46±0.32 Gz, р<0.001) and the worsening of physical characteristics of the bronchial secretion: the increase of relaxation time from 0.032±0.005 till 0.083±0.009 (р<0.001), the augmentation of «physical heterogeneity» of bronchi secretion. These results suggest an adverse effect of cold air on MCC in COPD patients which leads to MCI formation. The latter may have a predictive value for the development of the disease exacerbation, that’s why hypersecretion in the cold season requires additional therapeutic correction.

A morphological and morphometric characteristic of ciliated epithelial cells of the tracheal mucosa of albino rats during cooling of the body was studied. Three groups of laboratory animals were cooled during 3 hours a day at -15° C for 7, 14 and 21 days. Then specimens were prepared from paraffin sections. Planimetric values of the epithelial layer in the material from the experimental and intact animals were measured by light microscopy. The obtained values in the experimental groups were compared with the values of intact group. It was found that at 7-day cooling epithelial height reduced by 33%; the size and roundness of ciliated cells increased by 48% and 49%, respectively, in comparison with the intact group. At 14-day cooling the height reduced by 51%, the area of ciliated cells decreased by 59%, and the roundness decreased by 25%. A three-week cooling caused a reduction in the height of the epithelium by 34%.The area of ciliated cells was less than the control by 39%. The roundness exceeded the control by only 4%. These changes of the size and shape of the epithelial cells confirmed the morphological differences in intensification and following metabolism inhibition in response to low temperature conditions.

The main results of the studies are reviewed. These studies are aimed at solving an important problem of the organism protection against stress and environmentally unfavorable factors. In experimental conditions the possibility to correct free radical lipid oxidation of rats’ organism membranes was studied with the introduction of the succinate containing drugs called Remaxol^® and Cytoflavin^® (Polysan, St. Petersburg). The animals were divided into 4 groups and each of them had 15 rats: intact animals which were held in standard conditions of vivarium; the control group in which rats were exposed to cold during three hours daily; the experimental group in which before cooling animals had a daily intra-abdominal intake of the Remaxol in a dose of 100 mg/kg; the experimental group in which before cooling animals had a daily intra-abdominal intake of Cytoflavin in a dose of 100 mg/kg. It was found out that in the blood of experimental animals a daily cold exposure during three hours contributes to the increase of lipid hydroperoxides level (by 16-40%), of diene conjugate (by 38–54%), and of malonic dialdehyde (by 27-52%) against the decrease of antioxidant system activity in the blood of intact animals. The introduction of succinate containing drugs to rats in the conditions of cold exposure contributes to the reliable decrease in the blood of lipid hydroperoxides by 15-25%, of diene conjugates by 23-29%, and of malonic dialdehyde by 19–30% in comparison with the rats of the control group. While analyzing the effect of succinate containing drugs on the activity of the components of antioxidant system it was shown that the level of ceruloplasmin in the blood of animals was reliably higher by 18-45%, of vitamin E by 16-24%, of catalase by 3-21% in comparison with the same parameters of the rats of the control group. So, the application of succinate containing drugs called Remaxol and Cytoflavin in the conditions of long cold exposure of the organism of animals under experiment leads to the stabilization of the processes of peroxidation against the increase of antioxidant system activity.

The aim of the research is to study the influence of indirect cholinomimetic substances (proserin, phosphocol) on the content of products and substrate components of the lipid peroxidation at short exposure to cold. 60 rats were the object of the research; cooling of the animals was done daily during 3 hours in the climate camera with the temperature -12ºС. There was revealed the content of methyl ether of monocarbonic fatty acids in liver common lipids, and of molecular oxygen; the ability of liver homogenate to produce active forms of oxygen and products of lipid peroxidation (free-radical) at introduction of indirect muscarin- and nicotine-sensitive cholinomimetics (proserin in the dose of 0.2 mg/kg, phosphocol in the dose of 0.02 mg/kg) was also determined. It was found out that short cold exposure contributed to the increase of diene conjugates; at the same time there was the decrease of hydroperoxides in the common liver lipids, and of malonic dialdehyde in the liver homogenate; there were also changes in the content of the methyl ethers of monocarbonic fatty acids in common liver lipids, the growth of molecular oxygen in the liver tissue. The introduction of proserin and phosphocol against cold exposure (cold oxidative stress) increases the content of malonic dialdehyde in the homogenate of the liver mostly decreasing the level of primary peroxidation products – diene conjugates and hydroperoxides in the common lipids of the liver.

A neuroendocrine profile and immune status as well as the morphology of placenta and endometrial vessels were studied in 25 pregnant women with the exacerbation of chronic cytomegalovirus infection whose pregnancy ended up with the abortion at the 6-8 weeks. A serotonin-mediated change of the immune response to cytomegalovirus antigen was revealed, which was manifested in the increase of peripheral circulation of pro-inflammatory markers TNFα, IL-1, IL-4, IFNγ at the simultaneous decrease of IFNα level, which caused a local damage of fetoplacental barrier and the metabolic disorder contributing to its structural reconstruction. While studying placentas the disorder in the formation of embryotroph and cytotrophoblastic elements transformation into syntrophoblast, the delay in mesenchyme differentiation towards the formation of blood vessels endothelium were found out. Uterine arteries in most cases were spasming, which led to the decrease of systolic ratio parameters in them. The depression of alpha-fetoprotein production was the most important cause of the revealed gestation disorders of differentiation of trophoblast structures and endometrium at reactivation of cytomegalovirus infection and immune response disorders. The obtained results suggest the role of cytomegalovirus infection in the development of dystrophic changes of chorion villi, insufficiency of uterine blood circulation and the development of the spontaneous abortion at the early stage of gestation.

The work presents the data which reflect the state of processes of hemoglobin oxygenation and the reasons of their damage in erythrocytes of the peripheral blood of 50 pregnant women with the exacerbation of chronic cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI) at 20-22 weeks of gestation (the main group). The control group consisted of 20 healthy pregnant women at the same stages of gestation. Under biochemical research of erythrocytes of the peripheral blood of pregnant women of the main group oxygen-binding hemoglobin properties were found to be changed, which was revealed through the decrease of oxyhemoglobin concentration till 95.20±0.45% (р<0.05) at antibody titer of IgG to CMV 1:800 and till 90.15±0.35% (р<0.001 ) at antibody titer of IgG to CMV 1:1600 in comparison with the control group (98.00±0.65%). This fact was the result of the increased level of allosteric regulator of hemoglobin sensitivity to oxygen of 2.3-diphosphoglycerate in the main group till 5.96±0.4 mkmole/ml (р<0.01 ) at antibody titer of IgG to CMV 1:800 and till 6.7±0.07 mkmole/ml (р<0.001 ) at antibody titer of IgG to CMV 1:1600 (in the control group it was 4.90±0.15 mkmole/ml). In the peripheral blood of pregnant women of the main group there was also an accumulation of non-organic anions decreasing pH of the blood till 7.32±0.03 (р<0.05) at antibody titer of IgG CMV 1:800 and till 7.25±0.02 (р<0.01) at antibody titer of IgG to CMV 1:1600 (in the control it was 7.40±0.07), which increased the probability of the formation of heme complex with 2.3-diphosphoglycerate and worsened the binding of hemoglobin with oxygen. Against this background there was the growth of methemoglobin till 0.90±0.03% (р<0.05) at antibody titer of IgG to CMV 1:800 and till 1.50±0.04% (р<0.001) at antibody titer of IgG to CMV 1:1600 (in the control group it was 0.60±0.015%) and the decrease of an antioxidant function of glutathione peroxidase till 9.60±0.13 Un/rHb (р<0.01) at antibody titer of IgG to CMV 1:800 and till 6.50±0.15 Un/гHb (р<0.001) at antibody titer of IgG to CMV 1:1600 (in the control group it was 15.70±0.17 Un/гHb). The obtained data show an important role of active CMVI in the development of disturbances of hemoglobin oxygenation processes and mechanisms of their regulation in erythrocytes of the peripheral blood of pregnant women, which could result in the formation of hemic hypoxia decreasing the transportation of oxygen into the fetus blood.

A morphological structure of placenta and of vessels of fetoplacental complex was detected in women with the exacerbation of chronic cytomegalovirus infection whose pregnancy ended with the abortion at the gestation of 6-8 weeks (25 cases) and also with premature birth at the gestation of 35-37 weeks (25 cases); the level of placental hormones (placental lactogen, progesterone, estriol) was also identified. Under the study of placentas from women with premature birth at the gestation of 6-8 weeks the hypoplasia of embryotroph, necrosis of the majority of secondary villi, insufficient vascularisation of villi were revealed. In the peripheral blood of women of this group there was a low level of placental lactogen (р<0.001). A morphological structure of placentas from women with premature birth at the gestation of 35-37 weeks was characterized with involutory-dystrophic changes of villi, which in most cases were necrotized, and with dedifferentiation of blood vessels endothelium. During the whole period of gestation in the peripheral blood of such women there was a low level of placental lactogen (р<0.001), progesterone (р<0.001) and estriol (р<0.001). The obtained data suggest the role of cytomegalovirus infection in the formation of dystrophic changes of chorionic villi, insufficiency of placental blood circulation and hormonogenic processes, which at early stages of gestation increased the risk of spontaneous abortion and at the late stages of gestation it caused premature birth.

The work describes the data of electronic microscopic study of intima of umbilical cord vessels obtained during the labour from women who suffered a cytomegalovirus infection during gestation. It was found out that in the samples taken after the labour from women with cytomegalovirus infection (antibody titer of IgG to cytomegalovirus was 1:1600) there was an increase of dissimilarity of endotheliocytes, the decrease of their arrangement in the monolayer, which contributed to the lowering of cells coupling. The number of dystrophically changed cells and those in apoptosis increased the level of desquamation into the vessels lumen grew, which enlarged endothelial penetrance and was the cause of inflammatory processes development in intima. The presence of disorders in natural mechanisms of endothelium formation was revealed through the narrowing of the vessels lumen, the decrease of their elastic properties and as a result through formation of congestion in the umbilical cord vessels and adhesion of leucocytes and erythrocytes between each other. The presence of inflammatory process contributed to the development of arteries thrombosis and congestive plethora of the umbilical vein, which led to fetoplacental misperfusion between the mother and the fetus. Identified pathological changes in the endothelium of umbilical cord vessels at cytomegalovirus infection may cause the emergence of disorders of fetus trophism and intrauterine hypoxia development.

The aim of the research is to study the influence of chronic cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI) on the state of fetoplacental system in women in the second trimester of pregnancy. Doppler-metric study of the blood flow in the uterine arteries and in the umbilical cord artery as well as the study of ultrasound placenta constitution and fetus organs was done in 153 women in the second trimester of gestation with the latent course and reactivation of chronic CMVI against latent chronic herpetic infection and in 40 women with the physiological course of pregnancy. It was found out that among women with the reactivation of chronic CMVI (antibodies of IgM to cytomegalovirus 1:200-1:400, the growth of antibody titer of IgG to cytomegalovirus 1:200-1:800) in pregnant women with the avidity index of IgG to cytomegalovirus 38-50% in comparison with the patients with avidity index of IgG to cytomegalovirus of more than 65-70% there was the increase of the vessel resistance in the uterine arteries with the development of significant echostructural changes of the fetus, which can be caused by earlier infecting and direct virus effect. There is an increase of the frequency of retroplacental hematoma visualization till 23.3% (р<0.05), ventriculomegalia till 32.6% (р<0.05), the syndrome of intrauterine growth retardation till 23.3% (р<0.05) and antenatal fetus death till 18.6% (р<0.05), which indicates the paramount role of humoral immune response to cytomegalovirus in the damage of structural-functional state of fetoplacental system of pregnant women.

The study of the echostructure of the thymus gland in 43 newborns including those at 34-36 weeks of gestation (n=23) and of 38-40 weeks of gestation (n=20) as well as the morphological thymus constitution in 39 died children of the perinatal age with antenatal parainfluenza infection was done. The control group included 55 healthy newborns of 34-36 weeks (n=25) and 38-40 weeks of gestation (n=30) from mothers who did not have acute and chronic infections during pregnancy. It was found out that intrauterine parainfluenza infection in 23 children of 34-36 weeks of gestation in comparison with the control group led to the increase of the thymus width till 2.6±0.08 sm, the organ weight till 9.2±0.50 g, the gland volume till 6.6±0.37 sm³, and also the ratio of the organ weight / the child’s body weight till 0.34±0.02. In the control group the same parameters were 2.2±0.05 sm (р<0.001), 6.7±0.39 g (p<0.001), 0.24±0.01 (p<0.001), respectively. 17.4% of preterm babies with intrauterine parainfluenza 1 and 3 types had the signs of thymomegalia which were not revealed in healthy newborns. Intrauterine virus infecting in 20 patients of 38-40 weeks of gestation in comparison with healthy children was not followed by any changes of morphometric parameters of the thymus gland. But ultrasound markers of thymomegalia were identified in 15% of cases. Tiny hyperechogenic inclusions were found in gland parenchyma of preterm babies 8.7 times oftener (p<0.05) in comparison with healthy babies. The obtained results allow to state that under antenatal parainfluenza of 1 and 3 types the preterm babies have more intensive changes of echostructure and morphology of the thymus gland.

The work shows morphogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis caused by the growth medium with geotechnogenic samples taken from stale gold wastes. In liquid medium Soton with samples taken from long-term waste gold M. tuberculosis H37Rv grows at the third week in a form of a dry wrinkled patch. Electron microscopy revealed that it consists of spheroplasts, spheroid cells, thread-like structures, elementary cells and some stem cells. After moving the patch fragments from Soton into Lowenstein-Jensen medium, R-colonies of pure culture of M. tuberculosis H37Rv appear. Elementary bodies, thread and rod-shaped cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are the natural reservoir which develops the epidemiological situation.

The work shows the results of the research of atmospheric suspended particles that were found in the snow of towns of the Far East of Russian Federation in 2010-2013. Suspended particles of different sizes of the biological origin were revealed, described and identified. It was found out that according to the domination in the samples taken from different towns located in the south of the Far East, organic particles form the following row: plant ground detritus (the fragments of leaves and grass), animal dander, tiny insects and the fragments of their bodies, microorganisms of air plankton, unidentified biological rubbish. In the samples taken from the towns located on the banks of some ponds there are specific components: the fragments of weeds and mollusk shells, sea invertebrates (quills of sea hedgehogs and parts of arthropods carapace). It was shown that if in the majority of towns of the Far East (Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk, Ussuriysk) the part of the particles of the biological origin taken in winter is no more than 10%, whereas in Birobidzhan and in the nature reserve Bastak it was about 20%.

The article is about the metallic microparticles being the main air pollutants of modern cities. The work demonstrates microparticles of the metals found in the samples taken from the fresh snow and dry-air suspended matters taken in different areas in the cities of the Far East of Russia (Vladivistok, Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk, Birobidzhan, Ussuriysk, Nakhodka and Belogorsk). In native samples with the help of scanning electronic microscopy nano- and microparticles of Fe, Pb, Ba, Zn, Cr, Ti, Zr, Cu, Bi, W, Mn, Sr, Co, Ni, Mo, Ag, Au, Pd, Pt and other metals were found and identified in reflected electrons. It was found out that particles of Fe, Pb and of precious metals (Au, Pd, Pt) being the part of catalysts were typical for the samples taken near transportation junctions. The most widespread particles (Fe, Pb, Ba, Zn) make up 70-80% from the found ones.

Microbial associations can serve as the indicator of soils wellbeing. Traditional microbiological methods connected with the use of selective nutrient environments take up a lot of time for isolation and identification of microorganisms. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method is one of the modern methods used for studying of microbial variety. This method allows to reconstruct the composition and structure of microbial association according to markers (fatty acids, aldehydes, alcohols and sterols) in natural samples. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method allows to reduce time and research cost for lack of stages of repeated passages and test fermentations which are especially difficult, labor-consuming and long. The studying of total number and a specific variety of soil’s microbial association of Blagoveshchensk (Amur region) by the method of gas chromatography - mass spectrometry was the purpose of the executed researches. Lipid components were extracted from soil samples by the method of acid methanolysis in 0.4 ml 1M of HCl in methanol within one hour at 80ºC. The composition of fatty acids was defined with the gas chromatograph HP-5973 Agilent Technologies. As a result of the research 44 species of the bacteria belonging to 32 genera were isolated. The general list of bacteria species was made. Sanitary-dangerous species of bacteria weren't revealed in city soils. Total number of microorganisms in the soils of various functional zones of Blagoveshchensk was found. The increase in the number of microorganisms was revealed in the soils of a building-transport zone (48.1×10⁶ CFU/g) with the average level of heavy metals pollution (Zc 16-32), which is conditioned by communal and economic activities of a man. The decrease in the number of microorganisms (13.1×10⁶ CFU/g) was identified in the soils of an industrial zone with high, dangerous level of pollution (Zc>32) in comparison with the background (29.8×10⁶ CFU/g).

The purpose of the research is to study the dynamics of prevalence of diabetes of the first and second types among villagers and citizens of Krasnodar region, to compare the obtained data with average values for Russia and to work out recommendations for reducing the prevalence of diabetes in Krasnodar region. This paper analyzes the statistics of the annual reports of health care institutions from 2007 till 2012. It was found out that the number of patients with diabetes in Krasnodar region as well as in Russia in general is constantly increasing. If a current growth rate of diabetes morbidity persists, then by 2025 the number of patients with this pathology in Krasnodar region will have exceeded 310 thousand people. The statistics and the real figures of prevalence and incidence of 2 type diabetes differ in 2-3 times. The diabetic retinopathy has unequal prevalence on the territory of Krasnodar region. Higher rates were recorded in rural areas, which demands appropriate measures. It is necessary to carry out mass screening examinations of the population of Krasnodar territory, especially in rural areas for early diagnosis of 2 type diabetes and prevention of its complications.

Docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids are extremely important for the normal fetus growth during pregnancy. As they cannot be synthesized by a fetus and placenta, the fetus gets them from mother’s blood through placenta transportation. The literature review deals with the mechanism of long-chained fatty acids transportation mechanism which occurs in two ways: passive diffusion through the membrane and transportation with the special proteins. The latter are presented by FABPpm/GOT2, FABP, FATP, caveolin-1 and FAT/CD36. A big part of the article is devoted to the features of fatty acids transportation at pregnancy. It includes three stages: dissociation with the protein complex, transportation through plasmatic membrane and their binding with intracellular proteins. pFABPpm localized on the plasmatic membrane of the maternal side of placenta, FATP-1 and FATP-4 play an important role in the selective transportation of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids. FABP directs fatty acids into different points inside syncytiotrophoblast or into umbilical cord plasma. The conclusion was made about the fact that the transportation of long-chained fatty acids to the fetus is the result of a number of processes which occur in a mother and in a fetoplacental complex.